Passive fire protection uses the structure of a building to divide it into fire compartments. Those compartments restrict how far fire and smoke can travel, which gives occupants time to escape and gives firefighters a safer environment to work in.
Fire separations are formed by fire rated floors, walls and partitions. The complication is that almost every separation has openings in it, for cables, pipes and ducting, or for fire rated doors, glazing, inspection hatches and service risers. Each of those openings has to be sealed with a system that will hold the fire rating of the barrier it passes through. That is fire stopping, and it is where passive fire protection most often fails.
Done properly, passive fire protection also limits damage to the wider structure, which reduces remediation cost after an event and can affect insurance.
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